High severity · published Dec 1, 2025
CVE-2025-59789
Apache bRPC: Stack Exhaustion via Unbounded Recursion in JSON Parser
7.5
CVSS
1.6%
EPSS
No
On KEV
Description
Uncontrolled recursion in the json2pb component in Apache bRPC (version < 1.15.0) on all platforms allows remote attackers to make the server crash via sending deep recursive json data.
Root Cause:
The bRPC json2pb component uses rapidjson to parse json data from the network. The rapidjson parser uses a recursive parsing method by default. If the input json has a large depth of recursive structure, the parser function may run into stack overflow.
Affected Scenarios:
Use bRPC server with protobuf message to serve http+json requests from untrusted network. Or directly use JsonToProtoMessage to convert json from untrusted input.
How to Fix:
(Choose one of the following options)
1. Upgrade bRPC to version 1.15.0, which fixes this issue.
2. Apply this patch: https://github.com/apache/brpc/pull/3099
Note:
No matter which option
you choose, you should know that the fix introduces a recursion depth limit with default value 100. It affects these functions:
ProtoMessageToJson, ProtoMessageToProtoJson, JsonToProtoMessage, and ProtoJsonToProtoMessage.
If your requests contain json or protobuf messages that have a depth exceeding the limit, the request will be failed after applying the fix. You can modify the gflag json2pb_max_recursion_depth to change the limit.
CVSS vector
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Attack vector
Network
Complexity
Low
Privileges
None
User interaction
None
Confidentiality
None
Integrity
None
Availability
High
Scope
Unchanged
Exploitation
Is it being used?
Exploit prediction (EPSS)1.6% · higher than 76% of CVEs
Exploited in the wildNo evidence yet
CISA KEVNot listed
Ransomware campaign useNot known
Affected products
Which versions
AB
Apache bRPC · Apache Software Foundation
before 1.15.0 · source: vendor
BR
Brpc · Apache
before 1.15.0 · source: NVD
References
NVD
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-59789
CVE.org
https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-59789
Mailing List
https://lists.apache.org/thread/ozmcsztcpxn61jxod8jo8q46jo0oc1zx
Mailing List
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/12/01/1
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