High severity · published Jan 31, 2026
CVE-2026-23025
mm/page_alloc: prevent pcp corruption with SMP=n
7.8
CVSS
0.2%
EPSS
No
On KEV
Description
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
mm/page_alloc: prevent pcp corruption with SMP=n
The kernel test robot has reported:
BUG: spinlock trylock failure on UP on CPU#0, kcompactd0/28
lock: 0xffff888807e35ef0, .magic: dead4ead, .owner: kcompactd0/28, .owner_cpu: 0
CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 28 Comm: kcompactd0 Not tainted 6.18.0-rc5-00127-ga06157804399 #1 PREEMPT 8cc09ef94dcec767faa911515ce9e609c45db470
Call Trace:
<IRQ>
__dump_stack (lib/dump_stack.c:95)
dump_stack_lvl (lib/dump_stack.c:123)
dump_stack (lib/dump_stack.c:130)
spin_dump (kernel/locking/spinlock_debug.c:71)
do_raw_spin_trylock (kernel/locking/spinlock_debug.c:?)
_raw_spin_trylock (include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:89 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:138)
__free_frozen_pages (mm/page_alloc.c:2973)
___free_pages (mm/page_alloc.c:5295)
__free_pages (mm/page_alloc.c:5334)
tlb_remove_table_rcu (include/linux/mm.h:? include/linux/mm.h:3122 include/asm-generic/tlb.h:220 mm/mmu_gather.c:227 mm/mmu_gather.c:290)
? __cfi_tlb_remove_table_rcu (mm/mmu_gather.c:289)
? rcu_core (kernel/rcu/tree.c:?)
rcu_core (include/linux/rcupdate.h:341 kernel/rcu/tree.c:2607 kernel/rcu/tree.c:2861)
rcu_core_si (kernel/rcu/tree.c:2879)
handle_softirqs (arch/x86/include/asm/jump_label.h:36 include/trace/events/irq.h:142 kernel/softirq.c:623)
__irq_exit_rcu (arch/x86/include/asm/jump_label.h:36 kernel/softirq.c:725)
irq_exit_rcu (kernel/softirq.c:741)
sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt (arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c:1052)
</IRQ>
<TASK>
RIP: 0010:_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore (arch/x86/include/asm/preempt.h:95 include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:152 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:194)
free_pcppages_bulk (mm/page_alloc.c:1494)
drain_pages_zone (include/linux/spinlock.h:391 mm/page_alloc.c:2632)
__drain_all_pages (mm/page_alloc.c:2731)
drain_all_pages (mm/page_alloc.c:2747)
kcompactd (mm/compaction.c:3115)
kthread (kernel/kthread.c:465)
? __cfi_kcompactd (mm/compaction.c:3166)
? __cfi_kthread (kernel/kthread.c:412)
ret_from_fork (arch/x86/kernel/process.c:164)
? __cfi_kthread (kernel/kthread.c:412)
ret_from_fork_asm (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:255)
</TASK>
Matthew has analyzed the report and identified that in drain_page_zone()
we are in a section protected by spin_lock(&pcp->lock) and then get an
interrupt that attempts spin_trylock() on the same lock. The code is
designed to work this way without disabling IRQs and occasionally fail the
trylock with a fallback. However, the SMP=n spinlock implementation
assumes spin_trylock() will always succeed, and thus it's normally a
no-op. Here the enabled lock debugging catches the problem, but otherwise
it could cause a corruption of the pcp structure.
The problem has been introduced by commit 574907741599 ("mm/page_alloc:
leave IRQs enabled for per-cpu page allocations"). The pcp locking scheme
recognizes the need for disabling IRQs to prevent nesting spin_trylock()
sections on SMP=n, but the need to prevent the nesting in spin_lock() has
not been recognized. Fix it by introducing local wrappers that change the
spin_lock() to spin_lock_iqsave() with SMP=n and use them in all places
that do spin_lock(&pcp->lock).
[vbabka@suse.cz: add pcp_ prefix to the spin_lock_irqsave wrappers, per Steven]
CVSS vector
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Attack vector
Local
Complexity
Low
Privileges
Low
User interaction
None
Confidentiality
High
Integrity
High
Availability
High
Scope
Unchanged
Exploitation
Is it being used?
Exploit prediction (EPSS)0.2% · higher than 11% of CVEs
Exploited in the wildNo evidence yet
CISA KEVNot listed
Ransomware campaign useNot known
Affected products
Which versions
KE
Kernel · Linux
6.1.57 before 6.1.162; 6.2.1 before 6.6.122; 6.7 before 6.12.67; 6.13 before 6.18.7; 6.2; 6.19; +7 more · source: NVD
LI
Linux · Linux
d1da921452b3ee7e07383c12955ab1c6f3b08752 before 68688fc4eab007834b4c2d740214423ba2a335a8; 5749077415994eb02d660b2559b9d8278521e73d before 4a04ff9cd816e7346fcc8126f00ed80481f6569d; 5749077415994eb02d660b2559b9d8278521e73d before df63d31e9ae02e2f6cd96147779e4ed7cd0e75f6; 5749077415994eb02d660b2559b9d8278521e73d before 3098f8f7c7b0686c74827aec42a2c45e69801ff8; 5749077415994eb02d660b2559b9d8278521e73d before 038a102535eb49e10e93eafac54352fcc5d78847; 6.1.57 before 6.1.162; +1 more · source: vendor
RR
RUGGEDCOM RST2428P · Siemens
before V4.0 · source: CISA
References
NVD
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-23025
CVE.org
https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-23025
Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/038a102535eb49e10e93eafac54352fcc5d78847
Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3098f8f7c7b0686c74827aec42a2c45e69801ff8
Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4a04ff9cd816e7346fcc8126f00ed80481f6569d
Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/68688fc4eab007834b4c2d740214423ba2a335a8
Patch
https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/df63d31e9ae02e2f6cd96147779e4ed7cd0e75f6
cert-portal.siemens.com
https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-253495.html
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