Medium severity · published Sep 11, 2025
CVE-2025-40300
x86/vmscape: Add conditional IBPB mitigation
5.5
CVSS
0.4%
EPSS
No
On KEV
Description
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86/vmscape: Add conditional IBPB mitigation VMSCAPE is a vulnerability that exploits insufficient branch predictor isolation between a guest and a userspace hypervisor (like QEMU). Existing mitigations already protect kernel/KVM from a malicious guest. Userspace can additionally be protected by flushing the branch predictors after a VMexit. Since it is the userspace that consumes the poisoned branch predictors, conditionally issue an IBPB after a VMexit and before returning to userspace. Workloads that frequently switch between hypervisor and userspace will incur the most overhead from the new IBPB. This new IBPB is not integrated with the existing IBPB sites. For instance, a task can use the existing speculation control prctl() to get an IBPB at context switch time. With this implementation, the IBPB is doubled up: one at context switch and another before running userspace. The intent is to integrate and optimize these cases post-embargo. [ dhansen: elaborate on suboptimal IBPB solution ]
CVSS vector
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Attack vector
Local
Complexity
Low
Privileges
Low
User interaction
None
Confidentiality
None
Integrity
None
Availability
High
Scope
Unchanged
Exploitation
Is it being used?
Exploit prediction (EPSS)0.4% · higher than 32% of CVEs
Exploited in the wildNo evidence yet
CISA KEVNot listed
Ransomware campaign useNot known
Affected products
Which versions
KE
Kernel · Linux
3.16.57 before 3.17; 4.4.168 before 4.5; 4.16 before 5.10.244; 5.11 before 5.15.193; 5.16 before 6.1.152; 6.2 before 6.6.106; +7 more · source: NVD
LI
Linux · Linux
15d45071523d89b3fb7372e2135fbd72f6af9506 before ac60717f9a8d21c58617d0b34274babf24135835; 15d45071523d89b3fb7372e2135fbd72f6af9506 before c08192b5d6730a914dee6175bc71092ee6a65f14; 15d45071523d89b3fb7372e2135fbd72f6af9506 before d5490dfa35427a2967e00a4c7a1b95fdbc8ede34; 15d45071523d89b3fb7372e2135fbd72f6af9506 before 2f4f2f8f860cb4c3336a7435ebe8dcfded0c9c6e; 15d45071523d89b3fb7372e2135fbd72f6af9506 before 15006289e5c38b2a830e1fba221977a27598176c; 15d45071523d89b3fb7372e2135fbd72f6af9506 before 893387c18612bb452336a5881da0d015a7e8f4a2; +12 more · source: vendor
DL
Debian Linux · Debian
11.0 · source: NVD
SC
SIMATIC CN 4100 · Siemens
before V5.0 · source: CISA
SS
SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518-4 PN/DP MFP · Siemens
V3.1.6; V3.1.7; V3.1.6; V3.1.7 · source: CISA
SS
SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU 1518F-4 PN/DP MFP · Siemens
V3.1.6; V3.1.7; V3.1.6; V3.1.7 · source: CISA
SS